It becomes a new product that is the most effective soil conditioner available. It has also been shown that fluctuating the temperatures from hot to cold appears to stress the organisms and cause quicker die-off at lower temperatures. After all living organisms are dead then the feces can be used as an effective safe fertilizer. One month at 45☌ will have the same “kill effect” as 60☌ for one hour. Lower temperatures can also be used for longer periods of time to achieve the same outcome. Heating solids (feces) to 70☌ (160☏) will insure that all living organisms are killed. Chemicals can also have adverse affect on the surrounding environment and kill beneficial plants and animals. In most developing countries, the cost can be prohibitive and it is difficult to consistently and adequately treat human waste or water. Other methods can, and are used to kill, including chemicals such as chlorine, but chemicals are expensive and must be used consistently and in the correct proportions. Refer to Figure 2.1 for temperatures and time required to safely kill all pathogens. Heat and time are universal methods that kill all pathogens and helminthes, and the hotter the temperature, the less time is required to kill. or other paraphernalia that can become contaminated with infected blood. Though pathogens can have very negative effects on health they can also be easily destroyed. The Hepatitis B virus (HBV) may be transmitted to others through blood and body. I have presented here only a sampling, but there are numerous other pathogens that can also be transmitted to human feces. The intent of this section is not to frighten you, but to help you understand the most common types of pathogens that can be found in feces, and the ramifications when safe handling/treatment of feces and personal hygiene are not used. These are the bacteria that cause the main ill health effects in humans. The bacteria that we are most concerned with are E. The concern is what happens when the bacteria leave the body in feces and are then ingested. coli have beneficial uses in the colon while Salmonella has no benefits in the proper digestion of food but causes no ill effects as long as it stays in the colon. Humans have large numbers and types of bacteria in their intestines, including certain strains such as Escherichia coli (E. Of these we will only address the two feces-related viruses which are major health concerns: hepatitis A and rotavirus.
They are adenoviruses, enteroviruses, hepatitis A, reoviruses, and rotaviruses.
There are five virus groups that are of particular interest because they originate in untreated feces. The lower the temperature, the longer the survival time for viruses while waiting for the host.
The scale of any blood or body fluid contamination is important when considering how best to clean contaminated materials, and various approaches to cleaning, disinfection and sterilisation are described below.Viruses cannot multiply outside of a host, but they can survive for several weeks, depending on temperature, while waiting for a new host. Although the risk of transmitting infection is therefore reduced as the concentration of infectious virus drops over time, no assumptions about safety should be made when blood-soiled surfaces, equipment and clothing have not been decontaminated. HCV has been found to survive and remain infective for up to 16 hours when dried down in chimpanzee plasma. HBV has the potential to remain viable for prolonged periods in dried blood at ambient temperature, but because of the nature of a dried blood residue this is likely to pose a considerably lower risk than fresh, infected blood. Custodial Services ( Prison / detention centres)ĭecontamination BBV stability and the importance of decontamination procedures Virus survival in the environmentĮxperimental work with HIV and HBV has established the stability of these viruses under various conditions.Cleaning services (including laundry services).Laundry treatments at high and low temperatures.Health surveillance and occupational health.Controls applicable to exposed occupations.Overview - How blood-borne viruses are spread.